By 1881, the land was ruled directly from the Ottoman capital. It was the first operation where several brigades were involved. Jeff Weintraub, "Benny Morris on fact, fiction, & propaganda about 1948", One estimate places the Arab death toll at 7,000, including 3,000 Palestinians, 2,000 Egyptians, 1,000 Jordanians, and 1,000 Syrians.Refugee status was also passed on to their descendants, who were also largely denied citizenship in Arab states, except in Transjordan.The Palestinian refugee problem and debate about the During the 1948 War, around 10,000 Jews were forced to evacuate their homes from Arab dominated parts of former Mandatory Palestine.Jewish immigrants from Arab and Muslim countries left for numerous reasons. At the beginning of the war neither side had more than 30,000 troops, although by the end of the war Israeli forces had risen to around 108,500, and the Arab armies to around 60,000. The situation pushed the neighbouring Arab states to intervene, but their preparation was not completed, and they could not assemble sufficient forces to turn the tide of the war. He joined the Palmach, fought in Israel's War of Independence and was wounded in his leg.

These attacks usually had little effect, except on morale. On 10 June, the Syrians overran In the continuity of the civil war between Jewish and Arab forces that had begun in 1947, battles between Israeli forces and Palestinian Arab militias took place, particularly in the Lydda, al-Ramla, Jerusalem, and Haifa areas. The war's outcome had exacerbated Arab hostilities to local Jewish communities. Some Jewish immigrants were also given the vacant homes of Palestinian refugees. On 14 May 1948, the day before the expiration of the British Mandate, David Ben-Gurion declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. He saw himself as the "supreme commander of the Arab forces" and "persuaded the Arab League to appoint him" to this position.One result of the ambitions of the various Arab leaders was a distrust of all the Palestinian leaders who wished to set up a Palestinian state, and a mutual distrust of each other.Following rumours that King Abdullah was re-opening the bilateral negotiations with Israel that he had previously conducted in secret with the Jewish Agency, the Arab League, led by Egypt, decided to set up the Though the state of Israel faced the formidable armies of neighboring Arab countries, yet due to previous battles by the middle of May the Palestinians themselves hardly existed as a military force.In May, Egyptian generals told their government that the invasion would be "A parade without any risks" and On 12 May, three days before the invasion, David Ben-Gurion was told by his chief military advisers (who over-estimated the size of the Arab armies and the numbers and efficiency of the troops who would be committed – much as the Arab generals tended to exaggerate Jewish fighters' strength) that Israel's chances of winning a war against the Arab states were only about even.Jewish forces at the invasion: Sources disagree about the amount of arms at the Yishuv's disposal at the end of the Mandate.

It was also able to increase its arms supply to more than 25,000 rifles, 5,000 machine guns, and fifty million bullets.During the truce, Irgun attempted to bring in a private arms shipment aboard a ship called During the period of the truce, three violations occurred ... of such a serious nature: Persecution, political instability, and news of a number of violent pogroms also played a role. Date 1948 Locale Palestine/Israel. Israeli soldiers fire their weapons during the Israeli War of Independence. However, the Israelis’ most common weapon was the Karabiner 98k bolt-action rifle, which was re-designated in Czechoslovakia as the P-18. More, the results of the war were already satisfactory and Israeli leaders had to build a state.Israel lost 6,373 of its people, about 1% of its population at the time, in the war. The Yishuv perceived the peril of an Arab invasion as threatening its very existence.

In particular, the roles played by Palestinian and Arab historians have also provided context, but their work tends to be apologetic, rely on subjective sources, and assign blame for the Arab defeat. Palestinian historians since the 1960s who have used Rosemarie Esber, Under the Cover of War, Arabicus Books & Medica, 2009, p.28.Michael R. Fischbach, an American scholar of the archives of the Chris Cook, World Political Almanac, 3rd Ed. In 1946, Ben-Gurion decided that the Yishuv would probably have to defend itself against both the Palestinian Arabs and neighbouring Arab states and accordingly began a "massive, covert arms acquisition campaign in the West", and acquired many more during the first few months of hostilities. The war had two main phases. The exact number of Arab losses is unknown but is estimated at between 4,000 for Egypt (2,000), Jordan and Syria (1,000 each)During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, around 10,000 Jews were forced to evacuate their homes in Palestine or Israel.Since the war, Israeli and Arab historiographies have interpreted the events of 1948 differently. Since import and deployment of heavy weapons were not practicable as long as the British held sway over Palestine, it was decided that manpower should be readied in the country and equipment purchased abroad - to be "married" in time to throw back an Arab assault, if not to prevent it; in time for 15 May 1948, the day envisaged for the termination of the British Mandate and the day after Israel would … France prevented a large sale of arms by a Swiss company to Ethiopia, brokered by the U.K foreign office, which was actually destined for Egypt and Jordan, denied a British request at the end of April to permit the landing of a squadron of British aircraft on their way to Transjordan, and applied diplomatic pressure on Belgium to suspend arms sales to the Arab states.The Jordanian forces were probably the best trained of all combatants. German, Czechoslovak and British equipment was used by Israel.Just before the signing of the Israel-Transjordan armistice agreement, general Yigal Allon proposed to conquer the West Bank up to the Jordan River as the natural, defensible border of the state. The raids were mostly carried out at night to avoid interception by Arab fighter aircraft. Later, in the midst of the war, Yitzhak Rabin was succeeded by Joseph Tebenkin who led I. Pappe, "The ethnic cleansing of Palestine", 2006, p. 129.Morris, 2008, p. 205; cites British diplomatic communications. Khalidi, 'Plan Dalet: Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine', J. Palestine Studies 18(1), pp.

In 1911, Arabs attempted to thwart the establishment of a Jewish settlement in the Jezreel Valley, and the dispute resulted in the death of one Arab man and a Jewish guard. Later in January 1949, the British managed to prevent the delivery of aviation spirit and other essential fuels to Israel in retaliation for the incident. In the south, the Egyptians were to advance and take Tel Aviv.The first mission of the Jewish forces was to hold on against the Arab armies and stop them, although the Arabs had enjoyed major advantages (the initiative, vastly superior firepower).The Egyptian force, the largest among the Arab armies, invaded from the south. More than 35,000 of them ended up in Israeli arsenals so the new government could arm its soldiers, many of them recent immigrants to the new nation. Some prisoners were reportedly executed by the Israeli forces.